[593] | 1 | \relax |
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[1071] | 2 | \emailauthor{ariel@man.poznan.pl}{A.~Oleksiak\corref {cor1}} |
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| 3 | \Newlabel{cor1}{1} |
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[712] | 4 | \citation{koomey} |
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| 5 | \citation{pue} |
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[743] | 6 | \Newlabel{psnc}{a} |
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| 7 | \Newlabel{put}{b} |
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[712] | 8 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{1}} |
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| 9 | \citation{games} |
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| 10 | \citation{fit4green} |
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| 11 | \citation{networks} |
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[1069] | 12 | \citation{fit4green_carbon_scheduler} |
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[712] | 13 | \citation{sgi} |
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| 14 | \citation{colt} |
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| 15 | \citation{ecocooling} |
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[1069] | 16 | \citation{SimGrid} |
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[743] | 17 | \citation{ff} |
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| 18 | \citation{DCD_Romonet} |
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| 19 | \citation{CloudSim} |
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| 20 | \citation{e2dc12} |
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| 21 | \citation{coolemall} |
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[632] | 22 | \citation{GreenCloud} |
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| 23 | \citation{CloudSim} |
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| 24 | \citation{DCSG} |
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[712] | 25 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Related Work}{3}} |
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[743] | 26 | \newlabel{sota}{{2}{3}} |
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[632] | 27 | \citation{GSSIM} |
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[1075] | 28 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}DCworms}{5}} |
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[1065] | 29 | \citation{GSSIM} |
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[1069] | 30 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces DCworms architecture}}{6}} |
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| 31 | \newlabel{fig:arch}{{1}{6}} |
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| 32 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Architecture}{6}} |
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[632] | 33 | \citation{GWF} |
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| 34 | \citation{SLURM} |
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| 35 | \citation{TORQUE} |
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[1068] | 36 | \citation{Ghislain} |
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[959] | 37 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Workload modeling}{7}} |
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[712] | 38 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Levels of information about jobs}}{8}} |
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| 39 | \newlabel{fig:jobsStructure}{{2}{8}} |
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[1069] | 40 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Resource modeling}{8}} |
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[1080] | 41 | \citation{e2dc13} |
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[1065] | 42 | \citation{d2.2} |
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[1069] | 43 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Energy management concept in DCworms}{9}} |
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[632] | 44 | \citation{GSSIM_Energy} |
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[959] | 45 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Power management}{10}} |
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[712] | 46 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {paragraph}{\textbf {Power profile}}{10}} |
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| 47 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {paragraph}{\textbf {Power consumption model}}{10}} |
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[1075] | 48 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {paragraph}{\textbf {Power management interface}}{10}} |
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[959] | 49 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces Power consumption modeling}}{11}} |
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| 50 | \newlabel{fig:powerModel}{{3}{11}} |
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[743] | 51 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5}Application performance modeling}{11}} |
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| 52 | \newlabel{sec:apps}{{3.5}{11}} |
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[1069] | 53 | \citation{GSSIM} |
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[1065] | 54 | \citation{e2dc13} |
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| 55 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Modeling of energy consumption in DCworms}{12}} |
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[743] | 56 | \newlabel{eq:E}{{1}{12}} |
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[1071] | 57 | \citation{d2.2} |
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[1080] | 58 | \citation{e2dc13} |
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[743] | 59 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Power consumption models}{13}} |
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| 60 | \newlabel{sec:power}{{4.1}{13}} |
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[1071] | 61 | \newlabel{eq:ohm-law}{{2}{13}} |
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[1080] | 62 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces Average power usage with regard to CPU frequency - Linpack ($\bullet $), Abinit and Namd ($\times $). }}{14}} |
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[1071] | 63 | \newlabel{fig:power_freq}{{4}{14}} |
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[743] | 64 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces Power in time for the highest frequency}}{14}} |
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| 65 | \newlabel{fig:fans_P}{{5}{14}} |
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[1080] | 66 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}Static approach}{15}} |
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[1069] | 67 | \newlabel{eq:static}{{3}{15}} |
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[1071] | 68 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.2}Resource load}{15}} |
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| 69 | \citation{fit4green_scheduler} |
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[1080] | 70 | \newlabel{eq:dynamic}{{4}{16}} |
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[1072] | 71 | \newlabel{eq:modelLoad}{{7}{16}} |
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[1071] | 72 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.3}Application specific}{16}} |
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[959] | 73 | \citation{e2dc12} |
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[1069] | 74 | \newlabel{eq:app}{{8}{17}} |
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[1072] | 75 | \newlabel{eq:model}{{9}{17}} |
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[1065] | 76 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Experiments and evaluation}{17}} |
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| 77 | \newlabel{sec:experiments}{{5}{17}} |
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[743] | 78 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Testbed description}{17}} |
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[1071] | 79 | \citation{abinit} |
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[1069] | 80 | \citation{cray} |
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[959] | 81 | \citation{linpack} |
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| 82 | \citation{tar} |
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| 83 | \citation{fft} |
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[1072] | 84 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces RECS system configuration}}{18}} |
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| 85 | \newlabel{testBed}{{1}{18}} |
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[1069] | 86 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}Evaluated applications}{18}} |
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[1080] | 87 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3}Methodology}{19}} |
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[1072] | 88 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4}Models}{19}} |
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| 89 | \newlabel{sec:models}{{5.4}{19}} |
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| 90 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Workload characteristics}}{20}} |
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| 91 | \newlabel{workloadCharacteristics}{{2}{20}} |
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[1080] | 92 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces $P_{cpubase}$ values in Watts}}{21}} |
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| 93 | \newlabel{nodeBasePowerUsage}{{3}{21}} |
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[1072] | 94 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces $P_{app}$ values in Watts}}{21}} |
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| 95 | \newlabel{appPowerUsage}{{4}{21}} |
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[1077] | 96 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces Power models error in \%}}{21}} |
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| 97 | \newlabel{expPowerModels}{{5}{21}} |
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[1080] | 98 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5}Resource management policies evaluation}{22}} |
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[1077] | 99 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.5.1}Random approach}{22}} |
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[1065] | 100 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces Comparison of energy usage for Random (left) and Random + switching off unused nodes strategy (right)}}{22}} |
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| 101 | \newlabel{fig:70r_rnpm}{{6}{22}} |
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[1077] | 102 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.5.2}Energy optimization}{23}} |
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| 103 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces Measured power of testbed nodes in idle state}}{23}} |
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| 104 | \newlabel{idlePower}{{6}{23}} |
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| 105 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7}{\ignorespaces Energy usage optimization strategy}}{24}} |
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| 106 | \newlabel{fig:70eo}{{7}{24}} |
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[1080] | 107 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.5.3}Downgrading frequency}{24}} |
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| 108 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8}{\ignorespaces Energy usage optimization + switching off unused nodes strategy}}{25}} |
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| 109 | \newlabel{fig:70eonpm}{{8}{25}} |
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| 110 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9}{\ignorespaces Frequency downgrading strategy}}{26}} |
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| 111 | \newlabel{fig:70dfs}{{9}{26}} |
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[1065] | 112 | \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {10}{\ignorespaces Schedules obtained for Random strategy (left) and Random + lowest frequency strategy (right) for 10\% of system load}}{26}} |
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| 113 | \newlabel{fig:dfsComp}{{10}{26}} |
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[1080] | 114 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.5.4}Summary}{27}} |
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[1077] | 115 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {7}{\ignorespaces Energy usage [kWh] for different level of system load. R - Random, R+NPM - Random + node power management, EO - Energy optimization, EO+NPM - Energy optimization + node power management, R+LF - Random + lowest frequency}}{27}} |
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| 116 | \newlabel{loadEnergy}{{7}{27}} |
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| 117 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {8}{\ignorespaces Makespan [s] for different level of system load. R - Random, R+NPM - Random + node power management, EO - Energy optimization, EO+NPM - Energy optimization + node power management, R+LF - Random + lowest frequency}}{27}} |
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| 118 | \newlabel{loadMakespan}{{8}{27}} |
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| 119 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.6}Verification of models}{28}} |
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| 120 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {paragraph}{Static}{28}} |
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[1078] | 121 | \newlabel{eq:modelStatic}{{10}{28}} |
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[1077] | 122 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {paragraph}{Dynamic}{28}} |
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[1080] | 123 | \newlabel{eq:modelLoadApp}{{11}{29}} |
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[1078] | 124 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {paragraph}{Application}{29}} |
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[1077] | 125 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {9}{\ignorespaces Comparison of energy usage estimations [kWh] obtained for investigated power consumption models. R - Random, R+NPM - Random + node power management, EO - Energy optimization, EO+NPM - Energy optimization + node power management, R+LF - Random + lowest frequency}}{29}} |
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| 126 | \newlabel{modelsResults}{{9}{29}} |
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[1080] | 127 | \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {10}{\ignorespaces Comparison of accuracy [\%] obtained for investigated power consumption models. R - Random, R+NPM - Random + node power management, EO - Energy optimization, EO+NPM - Energy optimization + node power management, R+LF - Random + lowest frequency}}{30}} |
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| 128 | \newlabel{modelsAccuracy}{{10}{30}} |
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[1078] | 129 | \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Conclusions and future work}{30}} |
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[713] | 130 | \bibcite{fit4green}{{1}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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[1065] | 131 | \bibcite{e2dc13}{{2}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 132 | \bibcite{e2dc12}{{3}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 133 | \bibcite{CloudSim}{{4}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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[1080] | 134 | \newlabel{}{{6}{31}} |
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[1065] | 135 | \bibcite{DCSG}{{5}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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[1069] | 136 | \bibcite{SimGrid}{{6}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 137 | \bibcite{DCD_Romonet}{{7}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 138 | \bibcite{networks}{{8}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 139 | \bibcite{Ghislain}{{9}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 140 | \bibcite{games}{{10}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 141 | \bibcite{GreenCloud}{{11}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 142 | \bibcite{GSSIM}{{12}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 143 | \bibcite{GSSIM_Energy}{{13}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 144 | \bibcite{koomey}{{14}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 145 | \bibcite{fit4green_scheduler}{{15}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 146 | \bibcite{fit4green_carbon_scheduler}{{16}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 147 | \bibcite{d2.2}{{17}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 148 | \bibcite{abinit}{{18}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 149 | \bibcite{cray}{{19}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 150 | \bibcite{fft}{{20}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 151 | \bibcite{linpack}{{21}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 152 | \bibcite{tar}{{22}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 153 | \bibcite{GWF}{{23}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 154 | \bibcite{SLURM}{{24}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 155 | \bibcite{SWF}{{25}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 156 | \bibcite{TORQUE}{{26}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 157 | \bibcite{colt}{{27}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 158 | \bibcite{coolemall}{{28}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 159 | \bibcite{ecocooling}{{29}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 160 | \bibcite{ff}{{30}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 161 | \bibcite{pue}{{31}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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| 162 | \bibcite{sgi}{{32}{}{{}}{{}}} |
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[1080] | 163 | \global\NAT@numberstrue |
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